S

Ingredients: S

Discover soothing and clarifying actives starting with S — featuring the gold-standard BHA for acne-prone skin.

Jump to Ingredient:

Salicylic Acid (BHA)

The Pore-Clearing Powerhouse

Type

Beta Hydroxy Acid (BHA)

Solubility

Oil Soluble

Best For

Acne, Blackheads, Oily Skin

Found In

Exfoliants, Cleansers, Spot Treatments

Efficacy Level

Highly Researched

Origin

Willow Bark / Synthetic

What It Does

Salicylic acid is a beta hydroxy acid (BHA) derived from willow bark that excels at penetrating oil-filled pores to exfoliate from within. Unlike water-soluble AHAs that work on the surface, salicylic acid's oil solubility allows it to dissolve sebum plugs, unclog pores, and prevent blackheads and whiteheads. It also provides anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial benefits, making it the gold standard for treating acne, reducing breakouts, and refining skin texture—particularly for oily and acne-prone skin.

The Benefits

Penetrates and unclogs pores deeply

Prevents and treats acne and blackheads

Reduces inflammation and redness

Exfoliates and refines texture

Controls excess oil production

Minimizes pore appearance

Backed by Science

Decades of research establish salicylic acid as the most effective OTC treatment for acne. Studies show 0.5-2% concentrations reduce inflammatory and non-inflammatory lesions by 40-60% within 8-12 weeks. The FDA recognizes it as safe and effective for acne treatment. Research demonstrates its keratolytic, comedolytic, and anti-inflammatory properties make it uniquely suited for oily, acne-prone skin.

Formulation Insight

Salicylic acid is formulated at 0.5-2% in leave-on products and up to 3% in rinse-off cleansers. It requires pH 3-4 to remain effective (free acid form). Oil solubility allows deep pore penetration. Available in cleansers, toners, serums, and spot treatments. Can be combined with niacinamide, hyaluronic acid, and retinol but may increase dryness—use moisturizer and start slowly.

Did You Know?

Salicylic acid is the active ingredient in aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid)—which is why it provides anti-inflammatory benefits for skin.

How to Use It Safely

  • Typical Concentration: 0.5-2% in leave-on products; up to 3% in cleansers
  • Frequency: Start 2-3x weekly, increase as tolerated; once daily max for most
  • Pairing: Combine with niacinamide, hyaluronic acid; use sunscreen daily
  • Caution: May cause dryness/peeling; avoid if aspirin-sensitive; use SPF 30+

Ingredient Source & Sustainability

Salicylic acid is synthetically produced for cosmetics, though historically derived from willow bark. Synthetic production ensures purity, consistency, and sustainability. It's vegan, cruelty-free, and biodegradable.

Pairs Well With:

Squalane

The Weightless Hydrator

Type

Emollient Oil

Solubility

Oil Soluble

Best For

All Skin Types, Dehydration

Found In

Face Oils, Moisturizers, Serums

Efficacy Level

Evidence-Based

Origin

Olive, Sugarcane, Synthetic

What It Does

Squalane is a hydrogenated, shelf-stable form of squalene—a lipid naturally produced by human skin that decreases with age. It's an exceptional emollient that mimics skin's natural oils, absorbing rapidly without greasiness or pore-clogging. Squalane locks in moisture, softens skin, and provides antioxidant protection while being universally compatible with all skin types—from dry to oily to acne-prone. Its biomimetic nature makes it one of the most effective and gentle hydrators available.

The Benefits

Lightweight, non-greasy hydration

Non-comedogenic (won't clog pores)

Mimics skin's natural oils

Provides antioxidant protection

Suitable for all skin types

Enhances skin barrier function

Backed by Science

Research shows squalane improves skin hydration by 37% and reduces transepidermal water loss. Studies demonstrate it enhances absorption of other actives, provides antioxidant benefits, and supports barrier repair. Its molecular structure—identical to human squalene—ensures exceptional biocompatibility and tolerability even for sensitive skin.

How to Use It Safely

  • Application: Use 2-3 drops alone or mixed with moisturizer
  • Frequency: Once or twice daily, AM and/or PM
  • Pairing: Compatible with all actives; enhances absorption
  • Caution: Extremely well-tolerated; suitable for sensitive and acne-prone skin

Sodium PCA

The Natural Moisture Magnet

Type

Humectant / NMF Component

Solubility

Water Soluble

Best For

Dehydration, Dry Skin

Found In

Hydrating Serums, Moisturizers

Efficacy Level

Evidence-Based

Origin

Derived from Amino Acids

What It Does

Sodium PCA (pyrrolidone carboxylic acid) is a naturally occurring component of skin's Natural Moisturizing Factor (NMF)—the collection of compounds that keep the stratum corneum hydrated. It's an exceptional humectant that draws moisture from the environment into skin and holds it there, maintaining optimal hydration levels. Sodium PCA makes up 12% of the skin's NMF, making topical application biomimetic and highly effective for restoring and maintaining moisture balance.

The Benefits

Naturally present in skin's NMF

Powerful moisture-binding capacity

Improves skin hydration and softness

Non-sticky, lightweight texture

Well-tolerated by all skin types

Enhances skin barrier function

Backed by Science

Research demonstrates sodium PCA is hygroscopic (attracts water) and maintains hydration even in low-humidity environments. Studies show it increases skin moisture by 45% and improves barrier function when combined with other NMF components. As a natural skin constituent, it's biocompatible and non-irritating, making it ideal for sensitive skin formulations.

How to Use It Safely

  • Typical Concentration: 0.2-2% in hydrating products
  • Frequency: Twice daily, morning and evening
  • Pairing: Excellent with hyaluronic acid, glycerin, ceramides
  • Caution: Extremely well-tolerated; suitable for sensitive skin